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Access Charge
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| - Refers to a remuneration paid to a carrier by the interconnecting carriers for accessing the facilities of such carrier which is needed by the interconnecting carriers for the origination and/or termination of all types of traffic derived from the interconnection. |
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Actual Cost Approach
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| - Refers to an approach in traffic settlement whereby the cost is allocated using a methodology which most appropriately reflects actual cost of the service. |
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ADC
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| - Stands for American Digital Cellular; an American standard for digital mobile telephony, officially known as IS-54. |
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AMPS
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| - Advanced Mobile Phone Service; American standard for analogue mobile telephony. |
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Analogue
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| - Information represented by continuous and smoothly varying signal amplitude or frequency over a certain range, such as in human speech or music. |
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ATM
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| - Asynchronous transfer mode. A form of packet transmission using fixed-size packets, called cells. ATM is the data transfer interface for broadband ISDN. |
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Backbone
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| - As used in communications, a high capacity transmission (fibre optic, cable) used to carry and distribute long distance voice, data and video signals. |
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Bilate
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| - Bilate is the shortened term for the bilateral agreement to exchange traffic between two international carriers. |
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Bandwidth
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| - The range of signal frequencies that a circuit or network will respond to or pass. |
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Basic Telephone Service
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| - Refers to the local exchange telephone service for residences and business establishments. |
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Bit
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| - An acronym for binary digit (as if you guys don't know that!); the smallest piece of binary information; a specification of one of two possible alternatives. |
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Bypass
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| - Refers to a situation where an entity other than a local exchange service operator provides long distance service by establishing direct access to a person/entity, customer or end-user within the authorized local exchange service area of a duly authorized LEC operator. |
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Byte
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| - A group of 8 bits stored as a unit. Often equivalent to one alphabetic or numeric character. |
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Carrier's Carrier
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| - A government regulated company that owns transmission facilities and leases such facilities to common carriers. It is not allowed to offer service directly to subscribers. |
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CDMA
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| - Code division multiple access. A multiple access technique that utilizes full-satellite bandwidth and whole time slots with the use of special coding-decoding techniques. Suitable to military use due to immunity to interference jamming. |
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Cell
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| - In cellular mobile telephony, the geographic area served by one transmitter. Subscribers may move from cell to cell.
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Cell Splitting
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| - Increasing cellular network capacity by reduction of cell sizes and adding more cells.
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Central Office
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| - The switching equipment that provides local exchange telephone service for a given geographical area, designated by the first three digits (NNX or NXX) of the telephone number.
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Circuit
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| - A transmission path between two or more points, either one-way of two-way mode. |
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CMTS
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| - Cellular Mobile Telephone System. A cellular mobile radio system interconnected to a local telephone or to the public telephone network.
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Coaxial Cable
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| - Also called coaxial line. A transmission line in which the inner conductor is completely surrounded by an outer conductor (the shield), so that the inner and outer conductor are coaxially separated. The line has no external field and it's not affected by external fields. It has a wide bandwidth capacity which can carry several television channels and hundreds of voice channels.
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Codec
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| - Is the name for the way in which the voice signals are digitized to be placed in packets for transmission by VoIP. Most common Codec's are G.711 which consumes 60-80k of bandwidth and G.729. which consumes 8-18k of bandwidth. G.711 is common in the USA where bandwidth is plentiful whereas G.729 is more popular in Asia and developing countries where bandwidth is restricted.
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Commission
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| - Refers to the National Telecommunications Commission.
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Common Carrier
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| - A government regulated company that furnishes the general public with services and facilities. e.g. a telephone company.
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Copper Cables
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| - Assembly of one or more twisted pair insulated conductors closed in a protective sheath such as polyethylene, aluminium, lead etc. Commonly used in telephony works.
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CPCN
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| - Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity. Refers to a grant consistent with the telecommunications policies and objectives to a qualified applicant, after due notice and hearing, of a final authority to own, operate, and maintain a public telecommunications facility/service by the NTC.
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Crosspoint
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| - The element that actually performs the switching function in a telephone system. May be mechanical using metal contacts or solid state using integrated circuits.
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Cross Subsidy Approach
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| - Refers to an approach whereby a local exchange operator is entitled to some subsidy in the revenue settlement to increase a rate of return on its local exchange network investments that shall be at parity with those earned by other segments of the telecoms industry.
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CT-2
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| - Cordless Telephone-2. A digital cordless telephony using 4 mhz of channel frequency (864.150 mhz to 868.05 mhz). In the UK, the service is branded as Telepoint service. CT-3 is an Ericsson improved version.
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D/A Converter
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| - A circuit that converts signals from digital form to analogue form.
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DAMA
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| - Demand-assigned multiple access. A type of satellite operation with automatic assignment of carriers on an as-needed basis.
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Data
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| - In traditional telephone systems, any information other than human speech.
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Demodulation
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| - The process of extracting transmitted information from a carrier signal.
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Digital
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| - Information in discrete or quantized form; not continuous.
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DOTC
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| - Department of Transportation and Communications. Responsible for policy and planning of telecommunications development.
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DTI/BOI
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| - Department of Trade & Industry/Board of Investments. Responsible for policies and regulations on investments, trade and industry.
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Earth Station
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| - A ground-based equipment used to communicate via satellites.
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E-Carrier & E-Lines
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| - European term for time division multiplexed digital transmission facility, operating at an aggregate data rate of 2.048 bps and above.
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Echo
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| - A signal which has been reflected with sufficient magnitude and delay for it to be perceptible. The round trip propagation delay between two earth stations is 500 to 600 milliseconds and being remedied by the use of echo cancellers.
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Enhanced Services
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| - Refers to a service which adds a feature or value not ordinarily provided by a public telecommunications entity such as format, media conversion, encryption, enhanced security features, computer processing, and the like; provided that in the provision of the enhanced service, no law, rule, regulation or international convention on telecommunications is circumvented or violated.
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ETSIP
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| - Electronics and Telecommunications Standards Institute of the Philippines. A non-stock organization and PETEF affiliate recognized by DOTC/NTC as standards research body that recommends technical standards.
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Extelcom
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| - Express Telecommunications Company. Began its cellular operation in 1991 using analogue AMPS and digital N-AMPS network.
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FCC
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| - Federal Communications Commission, the governing body for telecommunications in the United States.
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Fibre Optics
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| - The process of transmitting infrared and visible light frequencies through a low-loss glass fibre with a transmitting laser or LED.
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FDM
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| - Frequency division multiplexing. A technique of dividing a single communication line into several data paths of different frequencies.
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Four-Wire Circuit
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| - A system in which the transmitting and receiving paths are separate channels.
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Globe Telecom
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| - A joint venture between the Ayala Group and Singapore Telecom operating a digital GSM network in the Philippines.
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GSM
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| - Global System for Mobile communication. European digital standard for mobile telephony.
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Handoff
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| - An ongoing call is switched from one cell to another. In GSM, the term is Handover.
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Home Area
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| - The geographic area in which a mobile telephone subscriber is normally located.
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Bayan
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| - Operates a fixed telephone network and an IGF in the Philippines. Its LEC service area assignment is Quezon City. |
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Interconnection
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| - The linkage, by wire, radio, satellite or other means, of two or more existing telecommunications carriers or operators with one another for the purpose of allowing or enabling the subscribers of one carrier or operator to access or reach the subscribers of the other carriers or operators.
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Inter-exchange Carrier (IXC)
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| - An entity, sometimes referred to as carrier's carrier or national backbone network operator, authorized to install, own and operate facilities which connect local exchanges within the Philippines and to engage in the business of inter-exchange national long distance services.
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International Carrier
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| - An entity primarily engaged in the business of providing transmission and switching any telecommunications service between the Philippines and any other point of the world to which it has an existing correspondent or prospective interconnection agreement.
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International Roaming
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| - System feature enabling calls between different countries found in NMT and GSM.
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IPLC
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| - International Private Leased Circuit is a clear channel digital connection provided by a carrier or several carriers from one part of the world to another.
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ISDN
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| - Integrated Service Digital Network. A digital transmission network architecture capable of handling switched voice, data and still pictures.
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Leased Line
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| - A communication channel contracted from a common carrier for exclusive use. Also referred to as a private line.
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Local Exchange Operator
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| - An entity providing transmission and switching of telecommunications services, primarily but not limited to voice-to- voice service, in a geographic area anywhere in the Philippines. It is also referred to as Local Exchange Carrier (LEC).
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Local Loop
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| - The voice-band channel connecting the subscriber to the central office.
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MDF
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| - Main Distribution Frame; A wiring arrangement that connects outside lines on one side and internal lines from exchange equipment from the other.
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Microwave Radio
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| - A radio system operating in the 3-30 gigahertz frequency band. Characterized as line of sight transmission and wide bandwidth. Typically can carry 960 voice channels and more. To reach long distances, several repeater stations, spaced about 30 miles apart, shall be required. HE, VHF and UHF radios are also used as narrow band transmission system.
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Modem
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| - An acronym for modulator/demodulator. A device that transforms a typical two-level computer signal into a form suitable for transmission to the telephone network such as in the form of two-frequency sequence signal.
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NTC
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| - National Telecommunications Commission, the governing body for telecommunications in the Philippines.
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Network
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| - A series of points connected by communication channels.
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PA
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| - Provisional Authority. Refers to an authority, for a limited period, granted to a qualified applicant to operate and maintain a public telecommunications facility/service by the NTC, pending the grant of the CPCN.
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Pay Telephone Services (PTS)
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| - Sometimes referred to as a public calling station; refers to a facility where the public may, by payment of appropriate and duly approved fees, place as well as receive local or long distance telephone calls or other switched telephone messages.
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PCOs
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| - Public Calling Offices. A calling station for the use of the public located in rural areas where basic telephone service is lacking.
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Private Network
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| - A facility in which the customer leases circuits and sometimes switching capacity for the customer's exclusive use.
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PSTN
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| - Public Switched Telephone Network. The complete public telephone system comprising telephone exchanges, local and trunk lines and telephone sets.
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Packet Switching
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| - A method of transmitting messages through a communications network in which long messages are subdivided into short packets. Each packet is passed from source to destination through intermediate nodes. At each node, the entire message is received, stored briefly, and passed on to the next node.
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PCM
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| - Pulse Code Modulation. A process in which a signal is sampled, and the magnitude of each sample with respect to a fixed reference is quantized and converted by coding to a digital signal. This is a method used to convert analogue voice signals to digital voice signals.
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PCS
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| - Personal Communication Service. A mobile telephone service in which the user terminal is a lightweight, hand-held portable device that remains with the individual, stationary or mobile in the office, home or anywhere.
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PLDT
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| - Philippine Long Distance Telephone Co. The Philippines' biggest telecommunications company. Used to have a monopoly of the Philippine telecoms industry. With the onset of liberalization, PLDT long distance revenues have plummeted. The ownership of PLDT is majority Indonesian with some Japanese and Filipino shareholdings however many of the Filipino shares have been subject to scrutiny of the Presidential Commission on Corruption as they were seen as corrupt payoffs to government officials.
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Public Telecommunications Entity
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| - Any person, firm, partnership or corporation, government or private, engaged in the provision of telecommunications services to the public for compensation.
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Radio Paging
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| - A one-way communication by which a subscriber is paged by tone, voice, alpha-numeric display.
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Rate
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| - Amount of charge for a particular service or equipment usage, may be regulated and non-regulated.
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Satellite Communications
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| - The use of geostationary orbiting communication satellites to relay transmission from one earth station to another or to several earth stations. It takes only three satellites to cover the whole Earth.
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SCPC
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| - Single channel per carrier. A satellite operation technique where one carrier is assigned to a voice or data channel.
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SDH
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| - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. There are two main transmission rate standards in the world, CEPT (European) and North American (US). SDH is recommended by CDITT to establish a universal digital network standard for the coming of the ISDN age. Some of the advantages of SDH: Simplified multiplexing/de-multiplexing; direct access to lower speed tributaries; easy growth to higher bit rates in step with evolution of transmission technology.
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Siemens
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| - Supplier of telephone switches, radio transmission equipment, telephone plant materials, etc.
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Signalling
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| - The exchange of information specifically concerned with the establishment and control of connections in a telecommunications network.
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SPC
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| - Stored Program Control. As applied to telephone switch, its operation is governed by a set of instructions in the computer memory specifying the operations to be performed and location of the data on which these operations are to be performed.
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Swap
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| - In the telecommunications industry the term swap refers to the exchanging of international traffic between two carriers. The traffic could be the same value or have a compensation to balance the books. If one carrier falls short of their commitment on the swap there can be a catch-up period or penalty.
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Switching
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| - Making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical circuit.
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TACS
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| - Total Access Communication System. U.K. adopted version of the AT&T analogue cellular radio standard AMPS operating at 900 mhz. TACS is designed with maximum consideration for very high subscriber densities in large urban areas as well as for sparsely populated smaller cities.
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Tariff
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| - The publish rate for the use of specified service, equipment, facility, or type of service provided by a communication common carrier.
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T-Carrier and T-Lines
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- American term for time division multiplexed, digital transmission facility, operating at an aggregate data rate of 1.544 bps and above. The following are the T-Carrier or line capacities: " T-1 (1.544 mbps).... 24 channels
" T-2 (6.312 mbps).... 96 channels "
T-3 (44 mbps)...... 672 channels "
T-4 (273 mbps)...... 4032 channels
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TDM
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| - Time division multiplexing. The division of a transmission facility into multiple channels by alloting the facility to different channels one at a time. Used in digital communication.
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TDMA
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| - Time Division Multiple Access. A technique which allocate different time slots to different users in a satellite system.
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Telecommunications
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| - Any process which enables a telecommunications entity to relay and receive voice, data, electronic messages, written or printed matter, fixed or moving pictures, words, music or visible or audible signals or any control signals of design, and for any purpose by wire, radio or other electromagnetic, spectral, optical or technological means.
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Telephony
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| - A generic term of voice communications. |
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Telephone Exchange
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| - A switching center for interconnecting the lines that terminate herein. It is also known as the Central Office or CO. |
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Traffic
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| - Messages sent and received over a communication channel and measured in minutes or other units. |
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Transmission
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| - The sending of information in the form of electrical signals over electric wires, waveguides, or radio or in the form of light signals over fibre optic cables. |
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Transponder
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| - Satellite equipment in space, which receives a signal, amplifies it, changes its frequency and retransmits back to earth. A typical earth satellite can have 24 transponders and each can carry six television channels. |
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Trunk
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| - A circuit between two telephone exchanges or switching centers or from an exchange to a customer's switchboard. |
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Trunked Repeater Service
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| - A kind of public repeater service wherein a large number of subscribers share a group of communication paths. |
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TVRO
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| - Television Receive Only terminal. Designed specifically to receive but not transmit satellite television signals. |
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Two-Wire Circuit
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| - A system in which all transmitting and receiving are performed over one pair of wire. |
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VAS provider
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| - Value Added Service Provider. An entity which, relying on the transmission, switching and local distribution facilities of the local exchange and inter-exchange operations, and overseas carriers, offers enhanced services beyond those ordinarily provided for by such carriers. |
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Voice Frequency
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| - A telephone frequency adopted for the transmission of speech for commercial quality, i.e. 300 to 3000 hertz. |
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VoIP
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| - Voice over Internet Protocol is the method of packetizing voice and transmitting it over a voice network. This maybe via the Public Internet or via a private circuit such as an IPLC. |
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VSAT
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| - Very Small Aperture Terminal. A mini earth station with average antenna diameter of one meter for small capacity voice and data transmission. |
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Wireless Local Loop
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| - The use of radio as the transmission path instead of copper or fibre optics in the local loop. (Relatively cheaper and faster to install) |
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Operating System
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| - integrated collection of routines that service the sequencing and processing of programs by a computer. |
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Jam Signal
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| - A signal that carries a bit pattern sent by a data station to inform the other stations that they must not transmit. |
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Keyboard
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| - An input device used to enter data by manual depression of keys, which causes the generation of the selected code element. |
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Queue
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| - A set of items, such as telephone calls or packets, arranged in sequence. |
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UDP
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| - Abbreviation for user datagram protocol. An Internet protocol for datagram service. |
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XOFF
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| - An abbreviation for the ASCII transmission-control character meaning "Transmitter off." |
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Zero Suppression
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| - The elimination of nonsignificant zeros from a numeral. |